GreyBrick

Earth, Convective electrojets

2005-04-04T16:36:00.000-07:00

The auroral electrojets are two broad sheets of electric current that flow from noon toward midnight in the northern and southern auroral ovals. The dawn side current flows westward, creating a decrease in the magnetic field on the surface. The dusk side current flows eastward and produces an increase in the magnetic field. Both currents flow at an altitude of approximately

Aerial Photography

2005-04-04T09:37:00.000-07:00

For the mapping of terrestrial features, aerial photographs usually are taken in overlapping series from an aircraft following a systematic flight pattern at a fixed altitude.

Dyer, John

2005-04-04T05:09:00.000-07:00

British poet chiefly remembered for “Grongar Hill” (1726), a short descriptive and meditative poem, in the manner of Alexander Pope's “Windsor-Forest,” in which he portrays the countryside largely in terms of classical landscape. The poet describes the view from a hill overlooking the vale of Towy

Ringo, Johnny

2005-04-02T22:50:00.000-08:00

Not much is known of Ringo, not even his birthplace. He showed up first in Mason county, Texas, in 1875, where he was suspected of cattle rustling and arrested for a double murder. He escaped from jail, was re-arrested, and was released. He appeared next in Galeyville, N.M., in 1879, already possessing

Powell, John Wesley

2005-04-02T14:53:00.000-08:00

After fighting in the American Civil War, Powell joined Illinois Wesleyan University as professor of geology. In 1867 he became a lecturer at Illinois Normal College

Schaepman, Hermanus Johannes Aloysius Maria

2005-04-01T09:47:00.000-08:00

Ordained a priest in 1867, Schaepman received a doctorate in church history (1869) and taught at a seminary for many years.

Stefanboltzmann Law

2005-03-30T15:18:00.000-08:00

Statement that the total radiant-heat energy emitted from a surface is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. Formulated in 1879 by Josef Stefan, an Austrian physicist, as a result of his experimental studies, the same law was derived in 1889 by Ludwig Boltzmann, also an Austrian physicist, from thermodynamical considerations: if E is the radiant heat

Schaepman, Hermanus Johannes Aloysius Maria

2005-03-30T08:25:00.000-08:00

Any of several viruses in the herpes family (Herpesviridae), frequently involved in human infection. The virus is so named for the enlarged cells produced by active infections; these cells are characterized by the inclusion of foreign matter, especially in the nucleus. Cytomegalovirus, which is transmitted by sexual contact or exposure to infected body fluids,

Tepe Yahya

2005-03-28T20:39:00.000-08:00

Ancient Iranian site located northeast of Dowlatabad in southeastern Iran; it has yielded valuable information on the economic exchange patterns of the 3rd millennium BC. Excavations (1968–70) by the American School of Prehistoric Research have revealed that Tepe Yahya was almost continuously occupied from the middle of the 5th millennium to the end of the 3rd millennium BC. It

Kadesh

2005-03-28T14:54:00.000-08:00

Kadesh is mentioned for the first time in Egyptian sources when Thutmose III (1479–1426 BC) defeated a Syrian insurrection under the leadership of the prince of Kadesh at Megiddo in Palestine. Kadesh remained an outpost of Egyptian

Schaepman, Hermanus Johannes Aloysius Maria

2005-03-28T14:06:00.000-08:00

Formerly (1969–73) National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws American organization, founded in 1969 to centralize state abortion-rights efforts and continuing its mission thereafter to protect and promote reproductive freedom. The organization consists of three related entities: NARAL Inc., a nonprofit organization that focuses on defending abortion rights and on making abortions less necessary; NARAL-PAC, a registered

Saturnian Verse

2005-03-27T20:20:00.000-08:00

Also called Saturnian metre the ancient Latin verse used mainly by Livius Andronicus and Gnaeus Naevius before the adoption of Greek verse forms by later Latin writers. Little is known about its origins or whether its rhythm was accentual or quantitative.

Appliqué

2005-03-27T00:54:00.000-08:00

Sewing technique in which fabric patches are layered on a foundation fabric, then stitched in place by hand or machine with the raw edges turned under or covered with decorative stitching. From the French appliquer, “to put on,” appliqué is sometimes used to embellish clothing or household linens. Like patchwork (piecing), it is a method of constructing or embellishing

Frame Design

2005-03-26T10:28:00.000-08:00

Decorative treatment of frames for mirrors and pictures. Before the 15th century in Europe, frames hardly existed separately from their architectural setting and, with the altarpieces or the predellas they surrounded, formed an integral part of the decorative scheme of the church interior. Such frames were frequently burnished with gold leaf. During the 15th century,

Lockwood, Margaret (mary)

2005-03-25T17:41:00.000-08:00

Lockwood studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, England's leading drama school, and made her film debut in Lorna Doone (1935). A vivacious brunette with a beauty spot on her left cheek, she starred in a wide

Resheph

2005-03-24T23:52:00.000-08:00

Ancient West Semitic god of the plague and of the underworld, the companion of Anath, and the equivalent of the Babylonian god Nergal. He was also a war god and was thus represented as a bearded man brandishing an ax, holding a shield, and wearing a tall, pointed headdress with a goat's or gazelle's head on his forehead. Resheph was worshiped especially at Ras Shamra, Byblos,

Aksakov, Sergey Timofeyevich

2005-03-24T04:25:00.000-08:00

Brought up in a strongly patriarchal family, Aksakov was educated in the pseudoclassical tradition at home, at school, and at the newly founded university in Kazan. He

Dancourt, Florent Carton

2005-03-23T23:46:00.000-08:00

Born into an established bourgeois family, Dancourt was educated in Paris by Jesuits and studied law. In 1680 he married an actress, Thérèse de La Thorillière. They debuted with

Duchamp-villon, Raymond

2005-03-23T17:02:00.000-08:00

In 1900 Duchamp-Villon gave up medical school for sculpture, often working closely with his brothers, the artists Gaston (better known by his pseudonym, Jacques Villon) and Marcel Duchamp. Duchamp-Villon's early work was influenced

Faguibine, Lake

2005-03-22T08:25:00.000-08:00

French Lac Faguibine, isolated lake in Mali, west of Timbuktu (Tombouctou). It lies north of the Niger River in the Macina depression, and it is reached by branches of the Niger in times of flood. At high water it reaches a length of about 50 miles (80 km).

Iamb

2005-03-21T20:31:00.000-08:00

Metrical foot consisting of one short syllable (as in classical verse) or one unstressed syllable (as in English verse) followed by one long or stressed syllable, as in the word {breve}be|cause¢ . Considered by the ancient Greeks to approximate the natural rhythm of speech, iambic metres were used extensively for dramatic dialogue, invective, satire, and fables. Also suited

Equatorial Guinea, Linguistic composition

2005-03-20T17:00:00.000-08:00

While each ethnic group speaks its own language, other linguistic influences are at work. The first is Spanish, the official language of the republic, which is taught in schools and used by the press and is the only means of communication common to both Bioko and the mainland. The second influence is pidgin English, which is used extensively in petty commerce and forms

Pithecanthropus

2005-03-20T02:13:00.000-08:00

Former genus name assigned to fossil hominids including Java man (q.v.) and Peking man (q.v.), both now classified as Homo erectus.

Dumka

2005-03-19T08:47:00.000-08:00

Also called Naga Dumka town, east-central Bihar state, northeastern India, east of the Mor River. It is a road junction and major agricultural-trade centre. A weekly cattle mart is held. There is a college affiliated with Bhagalpur University. Dumka was constituted a municipality in 1903. Pop. (1981) 31,068.

Tooth

2005-03-19T07:39:00.000-08:00

The teeth of vertebrates represent the modified descendants of bony dermal (skin) plates that armoured ancestral fishes. A tooth consists of a crown

Ma Yüan

2005-03-19T03:53:00.000-08:00

Ma began his career in the service of Wang Mang, but when revolts erupted throughout the countryside in opposition to Wang's policies, Ma joined the minister's enemies. He eventually

Empoli

2005-03-19T00:29:00.000-08:00

Town, Firenze (Florence) provincia, Toscana (Tuscany) regione, north-central Italy, on the lower Arno River. During the medieval Florentine wars, Empoli was the scene of the Ghibelline congress of 1260, where Farinata degli Uberti successfully opposed the destruction of defeated Florence, an episode referred to in Dante's Inferno. The painter Iacopo Chimenti da Empoli and

Carnivore, Natural history

2005-03-17T23:29:00.000-08:00

The family Mustelidae contains a variety of animals unmatched by any other family in the Carnivora except the civets (Viverridae). The family includes the weasels, ferrets, mink (see photograph), marten, fisher, skunks (see photograph), wolverine (see photograph), otters (see photograph), badgers (see

Sanidine

2005-03-17T08:35:00.000-08:00

Because sanidine that occurs in the Earth's crust has cooled quickly (its structure is stable only above 700° C [1,300° F]), it has trapped a disordered distribution

Ardabil

2005-03-17T01:04:00.000-08:00

Turkish Erdebil, town, northwestern Iran, 38 miles (61 km) from the Caspian Sea. It stands on an open plain 4,500 feet (1,400 m) above sea level, just east of Mount Sabalan (15,784 feet [4,811 m]), where cold spells occur until late spring. Persian historians have ascribed a founding date to the town in the Sasanian period, but its known history does not begin until the Islamic period. The town was taken by treaty by 'Ali (c. 600–661), the fourth caliph.

Sienkiewicz, Henryk

2005-03-16T10:09:00.000-08:00

Sienkiewicz's family owned a small estate but lost everything and moved to Warsaw, where Sienkiewicz studied literature, history, and philology at Warsaw University. He left the university in 1871 without taking a degree. He had begun to publish critical

Aruqtai

2005-03-15T13:37:00.000-08:00

Chief of the As (or Alan) Mongols, who allied himself with Mahamu, chief of the Oyrat Mongols, and with him defeated Ugechi, whom the Ming dynasty had recognized as the chief of the Mongols. In 1423 Aruqtai proclaimed himself great khan of the Mongols, launching devastating raids into North China. He was finally defeated when Mahamu's son, Togon-temür, rebelled against

The Revolution

2005-03-15T03:26:00.000-08:00

A scant three years after the end of the Civil War, the United States was embroiled in the issue of suffrage for African-American men, and many suffragists—notably those who formed the American

Abzug, Bella (bella Savitzky)

2005-03-15T00:42:00.000-08:00

American lawyer and politician (b. July 24, 1920, New York, N.Y.--d. March 31, 1998, New York), variously identified as "Battling Bella" and "Mother Courage," was a quintessential progressive known for her groundbreaking roles as peace activist, feminist, environmentalist, and early advocate for gay rights. Abzug was the daughter of Russian- Jewish immigrants. She earned degrees from Hunter

Paraboloid

2005-03-14T09:54:00.000-08:00

An open surface generated by rotating a parabola (q.v.) about its axis. If the axis of the surface is the z axis and the vertex is at the origin, the intersections of the surface with planes parallel to the xz and yz planes are parabolas (see Figure, top). The intersections of the surface with planes parallel to and above the xy plane are circles. The general equation for this

Sorosilicate

2005-03-13T08:24:00.000-08:00

Formerly called Pyrosilicate, any member of a group of compounds with structures that have two silicate tetrahedrons (a central silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms at the corners of a tetrahedron) linked together. Because one oxygen atom is shared by two tetrahedrons, the chemical formula contains Si2O7, as in melilite or hemimorphite.

Vienna

2005-03-13T00:57:00.000-08:00

Modern Vienna has undergone several historical incarnations. From 1558 to 1918 it was an imperial city—until 1806 the seat of the Holy Roman Empire and then the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918 it became the capital of the truncated,

Páez, José Antonio

2005-03-12T14:02:00.000-08:00

Páez was a part-Indian llanero, one of the horsemen of the plains. Beginning as a ranch hand, he quickly

Yi Dynasty

2005-03-12T08:11:00.000-08:00

General Yi established

Paraguarí

2005-03-11T07:23:00.000-08:00

City, southern Paraguay. It lies on the southern slopes of the forested extension of the Brazilian Highlands, including the Cordillera de los Altos, a mountainous chain that reaches westward to Asunción. Originally a Jesuit mission, the city was formally organized in 1775. In 1811, when Paraguay stood aside from the Argentine colonies in their revolt against Spain,

Daimlerchrysler Ag

2005-03-11T04:16:00.000-08:00

The origins of Chrysler Corporation lie in Maxwell Motor Company, Inc. (first formed in 1913). The first Maxwell car was made in 1904 by Jonathan Maxwell and Benjamin Briscoe, who in 1909 joined the short-lived United States Motor Company. With the collapse of this combine in 1913, Maxwell continued on alone until the postwar recession, when Walter P. Chrysler was brought in to revitalize

Marsh Frog

2005-03-10T17:33:00.000-08:00

(Rana ridibunda), large aquatic frog (family Ranidae), similar in appearance and habits to the closely related pool frog (R. lessonae) and the edible frog (R. esculenta). In Europe they are all called green frogs. The marsh frog inhabits marshes, river banks, and lake edges in Europe and western Asia. About 9 to 13 cm (3.5 to 5 inches) long, it is brown or green, with or without irregular black

Scalia, Antonin

2005-03-10T10:28:00.000-08:00

Scalia's father, a Sicilian immigrant, taught Romance languages at Brooklyn College, and his Italian American mother taught elementary school. Scalia received a Roman

Kaf, Al-

2005-03-09T13:19:00.000-08:00

Also spelled El-kef, or Le Kef, town, northwestern Tunisia. The town is situated at an elevation of 2,559 feet (780 m) on the slopes of the Haut (high) Tell, 22 miles (35 km) from the Algerian border. It occupies the site of an ancient Carthaginian town and later Roman colony—Sicca Veneria. Al-Kaf (“The Rock”) was an important stronghold during Turkish rule and is now a regional marketplace and strategic road junction on the

Gryphius, Andreas

2005-03-09T03:58:00.000-08:00

Gryphius (the family name Greif was latinized after the fashion of the times) was orphaned early in life, and the horrors of the Thirty Years' War soon cast a shadow over his unsettled childhood. A refugee from his native town, he was educated in various

Molière

2005-03-08T22:42:00.000-08:00

Although the sacred and secular authorities of 17th-century France often combined against him, the genius of Molière finally emerged to win him acclaim. Comedy had a long history before Molière, who employed most of its traditional forms, but he succeeded in inventing

Hesychius Of Alexandria

2005-03-08T10:34:00.000-08:00

Although nothing is known of his life, Hesychius indicated the comprehensive design of his lexicon in a letter prefacing the work. Entitled Synagoge pason

Catamaran

2005-03-06T04:55:00.000-08:00

Twin-hulled sailing and powered boat developed for sport and recreation in the second half of the 20th century. Its design is based on a raft of two logs bridged by planks that had earlier been used by peoples in the Indonesian archipelago and throughout Polynesia and Micronesia. Early catamarans were up to 21.3 m (70 ft) long, originally paddled by many men, and used for visiting,

Daigo, Go-

2005-03-06T03:20:00.000-08:00

In full Go-daigo Tenno, personal name Takaharu emperor of Japan (1318–39), whose efforts to overthrow the shogunate and restore the monarchy led to civil war and divided the imperial family into two rival factions.

Fable, Parable, And Allegory, General theory and history

2005-03-06T01:14:00.000-08:00

D.C. Allen, Mysteriously Meant: The Rediscovery of Pagan Symbolism and Allegorical Interpretation in the Renaissance (1970); C.H. Dodd, The Authority of the Bible (1958); A.S. Fletcher, Allegory: The Theory of a Symbolic Mode (1964); R.M. Grant, The Letter and the Spirit (1958); Edwin Honig, Dark Conceit: The Making of Allegory (1959); C.S. Lewis, The Allegory of Love (1936); Jean Pepin, Mythe et allégorie (1958); Rosemond Tuve, Allegorical Imagery (1966); Maureen Quilligan, The Language of Allegory: Defining the Genre (1979).

Fabian Society

2005-03-05T13:09:00.000-08:00

The name of the society is derived from the Roman general Fabius Cunctator, whose patient and elusive tactics in avoiding pitched battles secured his ultimate

Rabbit

2005-03-04T21:53:00.000-08:00

J.C. Sandford, The Domestic Rabbit, 5th ed. (1996), describes the 50-plus breeds and all aspects of raising domestic rabbits. Harry V. Thompson and Carolyn M. King (eds.), The European Rabbit: The History and Biology of a Successful Colonizer (1994), thoroughly examines the biology of the European rabbit worldwide. Joseph A. Chapman and John E.C. Flux (compilers and eds.), Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (1990), is a taxonomically arranged review of the biology and status of the world's rabbits and other lagomorphs. Ronald M. Nowak, Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed., 2 vol. (1999), photographically illustrates an article on each rabbit genus.

Hrdlicka, Ale

2005-03-04T19:39:00.000-08:00

Though born in Bohemia, Hrdlicka came to America with his family at an early age. He studied medicine and practiced briefly until he left for Paris in 1896 to study anthropology with

Earth, Faulting

2005-03-04T10:28:00.000-08:00

Extension of the Earth's crust may result in the formation of numerous parallel ridges and valleys

Atatürk, Kemal

2005-03-03T22:20:00.000-08:00

Mustafa Kemal's career almost ended soon after his graduation when it was discovered that he and several friends were meeting to read about and discuss political abuses within the empire. A government spy infiltrated their group and informed on them. A cloud of suspicion hung over their heads that was not to be lifted for years. The group was broken up and its members

Lovelace, Augusta Ada King, Countess Of

2005-03-03T01:47:00.000-08:00

She was the daughter of the 6th Lord Byron (the famous poet) and Annabella Milbanke Byron, who legally separated

Morse, Jedidiah

2005-03-02T22:59:00.000-08:00

While a young man teaching school in New Haven, Morse developed an interest

Gravelines

2005-03-02T02:03:00.000-08:00

Flemish Gravelinghe seaport town of northern France, in the département of Nord and the arrondissement of Dunkirk. It is situated midway between Dunkirk and Calais, near the mouth of the Aa River. The canalization of the Aa by the Count of Flanders in about the mid-12th century led to the foundation of Gravelines (grave-linghe, meaning “count's canal”). It became the site of an important citadel,

Hatto I

2005-03-01T21:31:00.000-08:00

Hatto was elected abbot of Reichenau (888) and Ellwangen (889) and archbishop of Mainz (891). A trusted adviser of King

Molé, Louis-mathieu, Comte (count)

2005-03-01T07:25:00.000-08:00

The young Molé left France during the Revolution but returned in 1796. He gained Napoleon's approval after his publication of Essais de morale et de politique (1806), a justification of monarchical government; Napoleon made him auditor to the Council

Pacific Scandal

2005-02-28T08:52:00.000-08:00

One of the conditions under which British Columbia entered the Dominion of Canada (1871) was that a railway to link that province with the east be constructed

Aerospace Industry, Historical context

2005-02-27T21:35:00.000-08:00

Understanding modern aerospace manufacturing processes requires that they be viewed in the context of the historical development of vehicle design. The spruce and fir frames of aircraft through World War I required skilled woodworkers and their equipment, coupled with crafters—often women transferring homemaking skills to the shop—who laced or sewed fabric

Amalienborg

2005-02-27T15:23:00.000-08:00

Architectural complex in Copenhagen, Den., built during the reign (1746–66) of King Frederick V and comprising the four buildings of the Amalienborg royal palace and the octagonal courtyard surrounded by them. The complex was designed and constructed by the Danish architect Nicolai Eigtved, who also designed numerous other buildings in the surrounding district. At the

Danegeld

2005-02-27T13:21:00.000-08:00

A tax levied in Anglo-Saxon England to buy off Danish invaders in the reign of Ethelred II (978–1016); it also designates the recurrent gelds, or taxes, collected by the Anglo-Norman kings. The word is not recorded before the Norman Conquest, the usual earlier (Old English) term being gafol (“gavel,” or “tribute”). Though the Danes were sometimes bought off in the 9th century, the word Danegeld

Hatto I

2005-02-26T07:19:00.000-08:00

Byname Star Wars proposed U.S. strategic defensive system against potential nuclear attacks—as originally conceived, from the Soviet Union. The SDI was first proposed by President Ronald Reagan in a nationwide television address on March 23, 1983. Because parts of the defensive system that Reagan advocated would be based in space, the proposed system was dubbed “Star Wars,” after the space

Canals And Inland Waterways, Boat lifts

2005-02-25T23:51:00.000-08:00

Vessels can be transported floating in a steel tank or caisson between adjacent pounds by a vertical lift, replacing several locks. Vertical lifts can be operated by high-pressure hydraulic rams, by submersible floats, or by geared counterweights. Hydraulic lifts with twin caissons were constructed in 1875 at Anderton, Eng., with a 50-foot lift for 60-ton vessels; in 1888 lifts were

Nabulus

2005-02-25T00:39:00.000-08:00

Shechem, a Canaanite city, was important in ancient Palestine because of its position in an east–west pass between

Grafton, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3rd Duke Of

2005-02-25T00:22:00.000-08:00

Grandson of the 2nd duke, Charles Fitzroy (1683–1757), and great-grandson of the 1st, he was educated at Westminster School and Peterhouse, Cambridge. He was secretary of state in 1765 under the Marquess of Rockingham but retired the following year. William

Montgomery

2005-02-24T17:31:00.000-08:00

Capital of the state of Alabama, U.S., and seat (1822) of Montgomery county, located in the central part of the state. The city lies near the point where the Alabama River is formed by the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers. It was originally the site of Native American villages and was visited by Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto in 1540. About 1717 the French built Fort Toulouse

Dura-europus

2005-02-23T16:01:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Doura-Europus ruined Syrian city, located in the Syrian desert near Dayr az-Zawr. Excavations were carried out first by Franz Cumont (1922–23) and later by M. Rostovtzev (1928–37). Dura was originally a Babylonian town, but it was rebuilt as a military colony about 300 BC by the Seleucids and given the alternative name of Europus after the native city in Macedonia of its reputed founder, Seleucus I Nicator.

Mademoiselle

2005-02-23T10:08:00.000-08:00

As an honorific title in the French royal court, it came to be used (without the adjunction of a proper name) to refer to or address the daughter of the king's eldest living brother, who was himself called monsieur. The first to be called mademoiselle was

Mauriac, François

2005-02-23T01:41:00.000-08:00

Novelist, essayist, poet, playwright, journalist, and winner in 1952 of the Nobel Prize for Literature. He belonged to the lineage of French Catholic writers who examined the ugly realities of modern life in the light of eternity. His major novels are sombre, austere psychological dramas set in an atmosphere of unrelieved tension. At the heart

Culverin

2005-02-22T09:27:00.000-08:00

The culverin was adapted to field use by the French in the mid-15th century and to naval use by the English in the late 16th century. During the 17th century, cannons were classified according to the weight of projectiles fired, and

Rykov, Aleksey Ivanovich

2005-02-21T06:21:00.000-08:00

Rykov joined the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party at the age of 18, became a member of its Bolshevik wing, conducted revolutionary activities both inside Russia

Châteauguay, Battle Of

2005-02-20T19:55:00.000-08:00

In the autumn of 1813, a U.S. invading force of about 4,000 troops under General Wade Hampton marched toward Montreal through the Châteauguay River valley. A U.S. advance party of 1,500 under Colonel

Carnatic Music

2005-02-19T21:49:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Karnatic Music, music of southern India (generally south of the city of Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh state) that evolved from ancient Hindu traditions and was relatively unaffected by the Arabic and Iranian influences that, since the late 12th and early 13th centuries, as a result of the Islamic conquest of the north, have characterized the Hindustani music of northern India. In contrast

Tool And Die Making

2005-02-19T08:10:00.000-08:00

The fabrication of pressworking dies constitutes the major part of the work done in tool and die shops. Most pressworking dies are utilized in the fabrication of sheet-metal parts that range in size from the finger stop on a dial

Thomas, Gwyn

2005-02-18T05:02:00.000-08:00

Thomas was educated at Oxford and the University of Madrid and began writing seriously in the 1930s. His first novel, The Dark Philosophers (1946), built on the conversations of four unemployed Welsh miners, reminded critics

Argentina, The radical regime, 191630

2005-02-17T20:28:00.000-08:00

The Radical front was a coalition of heterogeneous social groups, whose competing interests slowed the passage of reforms, despite urgent calls for economic and social change. Not surprisingly, Irigoyen preferred to concentrate on the political ills he had inherited from the conservative regime. The most urgent measure involved political patronage, which

Hanau

2005-02-17T15:10:00.000-08:00

In full Hanau Am Main, city, Hesse Land (state), central Germany, a port on the right bank of the canalized Main at the mouth of the Kinzig, east of Frankfurt am Main. The old town grew up around the castle of the lords of Hanau (counts from 1429) and was chartered in 1303; the new town was founded in 1597 for Protestant Dutch and Walloon refugees. Hanau passed to Hesse-Kassel in 1736. In 1813 it was the scene of a battle between

Apology Of The Augsburg Confession

2005-02-16T23:20:00.000-08:00

One of the confessions of Lutheranism, a defense and elaboration of the Augsburg Confession, written by the Reformer Philipp Melanchthon in 1531. The first version of the Apology was hastily written and presented to Emperor Charles V on Sept. 22, 1530, at the Diet of Augsburg, after the Emperor had declared that the Confutation (Aug. 3, 1530), prepared by Catholic theologians to refute the

China, The Tangut

2005-02-16T08:16:00.000-08:00

In the northwest the Tangut, a Tibetan people, inhabited the region between the far end of the Great Wall in modern Kansu and the Huang Ho bend in Inner Mongolia. Their semioasis economy combined irrigated agriculture with pastoralism. Their control over the terminus of the famous Silk Road made them middlemen in trade between Central Asia and China. They adopted

Christo

2005-02-14T18:49:00.000-08:00

Christo attended the Fine Arts Academy in Sofia, Bulg., and had begun working with the Burian Theatre in Prague when the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 broke out. He fled to Vienna, where he studied for a semester, and then, after a brief stay in Switzerland,

Bartoli, Daniello

2005-02-14T15:28:00.000-08:00

Bartoli entered the Society of Jesus in 1623 and wrote the well-known and frequently translated L'uomo di lettere difeso ed emendato (1645; The Learned Man Defended and Reformed). In addition to writing a history of the Jesuits in Italian, Istoria della Compagnia

Gobabis

2005-02-14T11:28:00.000-08:00

Town, eastern Namibia. It lies on the edge of the Kalahari (Desert) on the intermittent Black Nossob River at an elevation of 4,740 feet (1,445 m). It is a rail terminus and cattle-marketing centre. Tribal reserves (homelands) for the Herero are situated north and southeast of Gobabis. Pop. (1988 est.) 6,500.

Talavera De La Reina

2005-02-14T09:16:00.000-08:00

Town, Toledo provincia, in the comunidad autónoma (“autonomous community”) of Castile-La Mancha, central Spain, on the northern bank of the Tagus River near its confluence with the Alberche. The town originated as the Roman Caesarobriga and was conquered by King Alfonso VI in 1082. Alfonso XI gave it to his queen, Maria of Portugal, whence its appellation de la Reina (“of the

Dome Of The Rock

2005-02-13T16:55:00.000-08:00

Arabic Qubbat as-Sakhrah shrine in Jerusalem that is the oldest extant Islamic monument. The rock over which the shrine was built is sacred to both Muslims and Jews. The Prophet Muhammad, founder of Islam, is traditionally believed to have ascended into heaven from the site. In Jewish tradition, it is here that Abraham, the progenitor and first patriarch of the Hebrew people, is said to have prepared

Gatlinburg

2005-02-13T10:08:00.000-08:00

City, Sevier county, eastern Tennessee, U.S. It lies about 30 miles (50 km) southeast of Knoxville, at the northwestern entrance to Great Smoky Mountains National Park. English and Scotch-Irish settlers began to arrive along the Little Pigeon River about 1795; by 1835 the settlement was called White Oak Flats. It was renamed in 1860 for Radford Gatlin, who opened a store there in 1855. In an American

Jackson, Janet

2005-02-13T03:59:00.000-08:00

The youngest of nine siblings in Motown's famed Jackson family, Janet Jackson parlayed her family's success into an independent career that spanned recordings, television, and film. She appeared as

Ant Bear

2005-02-12T00:06:00.000-08:00

Common name sometimes used for the giant anteater and for the aardvark. See anteater; aardvark.

Vieille, Paul

2005-02-11T23:24:00.000-08:00

After studying with the chemist Marcellin Berthelot, Vieille collaborated with him in researches that led to important discoveries of the physics of shock waves (1881). He then undertook to solve the problem of harnessing the powerful but unstable substance nitrocellulose as a propellant

Xenarthran

2005-02-11T18:16:00.000-08:00

Order Cingulata consists primarily of armoured armadillo-like animals, and the name refers to the girdlelike shell of present-day armadillos. The armadillo family (Dasypodidae), with 8 genera and 20 species, is the only surviving family of Cingulata. Five other families in this order are extinct and are known only from fossil remains. Members of extinct families

Oudinot, Nicolas-charles, Duke (duc) De Reggio

2005-02-11T11:23:00.000-08:00

Oudinot was the son of a businessman. In 1784 he joined France's royal army but, since commoners were barred from promotion, resigned in 1787. After the French Revolution, however, he

Kerosine Lamp

2005-02-11T00:06:00.000-08:00

Vessel containing kerosine with a wick for burning to provide light. Such lamps were widely used from the 1860s, when kerosine first became plentiful, until the development of electric lighting. Compared with other oil lamps they were safe, efficient, and simple to operate. The kerosine fed the wick by capillary action alone. An adjustment knob, the only mechanism needed,

Baseball

2005-02-09T23:00:00.000-08:00

Despite a slow start, in part because of inclement weather, the 2003 Major League Baseball season gained momentum during the midsummer months as interleague games in June and a dramatic All-Star Game in July cultivated interest. The second half of the regular season and the play-offs featured a number of story lines that contributed to what some deemed the most appealing

Chaffee, Adna R(omanza)

2005-02-09T10:54:00.000-08:00

After long service against the Indians in the West, Chaffee was promoted to the rank of brigadier general (1898) at the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, during which he gained distinction at the Battle of El Caney in the Santiago

Davenport

2005-02-09T08:43:00.000-08:00

In modern usage, a large upholstered settee, but in the 18th century a compact desk having deep drawers on the right side and dummy drawer fronts on the left side. The sloping top of the davenport concealed a fitted well, the front of which protruded beyond the drawers and was supported by a pair of columns on a base, or plinth. The back of the writing area was normally flat

Gum

2005-02-08T06:04:00.000-08:00

In botany, adhesive substance of vegetable origin, mostly obtained as exudate from the bark of trees or shrubs belonging to the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae) of the pea order Fabales. Some plant gums are used in the form of water solutions in the manufacture of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods. When the water evaporates, a film having a considerable adhesive character

Sandeau, Léonard-sylvain-julien

2005-02-07T05:49:00.000-08:00

As a young man, Sandeau became the lover of Amandine-Aurore-Lucie Dudevant (later known as George Sand) and worked with her on the novel Rose et Blanche (1831; “Red and White”), which was published under the pseudonym Jules Sand. At the end of 1832, she broke off the

Target Theory

2005-02-07T01:08:00.000-08:00

German Treffertheorie, in biology, the concept that the biological effects of radiations such as X rays result from ionization (i.e., the formation of electrically charged particles) by individual quanta, or photons, of radiation that are absorbed at sensitive points (targets) in a cell. It is supposed that to produce a given effect there must be one or more hits on a target. Ionization of a target

GreyBrick

Earth, Convective electrojets

Aerial Photography

Dyer, John

Ringo, Johnny

Powell, John Wesley

Schaepman, Hermanus Johannes Aloysius Maria

Stefanboltzmann Law

Schaepman, Hermanus Johannes Aloysius Maria

Tepe Yahya

Kadesh

Schaepman, Hermanus Johannes Aloysius Maria

Saturnian Verse

Appliqué

Frame Design

Lockwood, Margaret (mary)

Resheph

Aksakov, Sergey Timofeyevich

Dancourt, Florent Carton

Duchamp-villon, Raymond

Faguibine, Lake

Iamb

Equatorial Guinea, Linguistic composition

Pithecanthropus

Dumka

Tooth

Ma Yüan

Empoli

Carnivore, Natural history

Sanidine

Ardabil

Sienkiewicz, Henryk

Aruqtai

The Revolution

Abzug, Bella (bella Savitzky)

Paraboloid

Sorosilicate

Vienna

Páez, José Antonio

Yi Dynasty

Paraguarí

Daimlerchrysler Ag

Marsh Frog

Scalia, Antonin

Kaf, Al-

Gryphius, Andreas

Molière

Hesychius Of Alexandria

Catamaran

Daigo, Go-

Fable, Parable, And Allegory, General theory and history

Fabian Society

Rabbit

Hrdlicka, Ale

Earth, Faulting

Atatürk, Kemal

Lovelace, Augusta Ada King, Countess Of

Morse, Jedidiah

Gravelines

Hatto I

Molé, Louis-mathieu, Comte (count)

Pacific Scandal

Aerospace Industry, Historical context

Amalienborg

Danegeld

Hatto I

Canals And Inland Waterways, Boat lifts

Nabulus

Grafton, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3rd Duke Of

Montgomery

Dura-europus

Mademoiselle

Mauriac, François

Culverin

Rykov, Aleksey Ivanovich

Châteauguay, Battle Of

Carnatic Music

Tool And Die Making

Thomas, Gwyn

Argentina, The radical regime, 191630

Stefanboltzmann Law

Hrdlicka, Ale

Argentina, The radical regime, 191630